ʻO ka hoʻolālā kila kila e hui pū i keʻano a me ka nani o ka hana kahiko a me ka hoʻolālā hou. Nui nā hale nui a puni ka honua e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana hana kila i ka nui. He aha nā hale kūkulu kila kaulana o ka honua? Ma ka lā Valentine, e ʻoluʻolu e hahai i ko mākou mau kapuaʻi e mahalo i ke ʻano aloha o nā hale kila ʻumi o ka honua.
No.1 Puana Manu o Pekina
ʻO ka Pūnana Manu ke kahua pāʻani nui o ka 2008 Beijing 'Olumepika. ʻO ka hoʻolālā kahua pāʻani nunui, i hoʻopau ʻia e Herzog, De Mellon a me ka mea kākau Kina ʻo Li Xinggang, ka mea i lanakila i ka Pulitzer Prize ma 2001, ua ʻano like ia me kahi "pūnana" e hoʻohua ai ke ola. Ua like ia me kahi moena, e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻolana o ke kanaka no ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole i hana nā mea hoʻolālā i kahi mea ʻoi loa i ke kahua pāʻani aupuni, akā hōʻike pololei i ka hale i waho, no laila e hana maoli i ke ʻano o ka hale. I Iulai 2007, ua helu mua ka Times of England i nā papahana kūkulu nui a koʻikoʻi he ʻumi e kūkulu ʻia ana ma ka honua. I kēlā manawa, ʻo ka "Nā Manu" i pae mua. ʻO ka pukana hou loa o ka makasina Time i paʻi ʻia ma ka lā 24 o Kekemapa o ia makahiki hoʻokahi, ua koho ʻia nā mea kupanaha hale ʻumi o ka honua i ka makahiki 2007, a ua kūpono ka Bird's Nest i ka papa inoa.
ʻO ka hale kila maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ka Pūnana Manu. Kākoʻo nā ʻāpana o ka hale i kekahi i kekahi, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi ʻōnaehana like me ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka piʻi a me ka lalo e maʻalahi i ka manaʻo o ka leo o ka hale, a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻano kupaianaha a haʻalulu. ʻO ka hale nui he ellipse saddle space, a ʻo ia ka papahana hana kila hoʻokahi me ka nui loa o ka honua i kēia manawa.
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Helu 2 Sydney Grand Theater
Aia ma ka ʻākau o Sydney, ʻo Sydney Opera House kahi hale hōʻailona ma Sydney, i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka mea kākau Denemaka ʻo Jon Usson. Aia ma lalo iho o ka hale me ke ʻano o ka pūpū he paʻa wai e hui pū ana i ka hale keaka a me ke keʻena. Hoʻohālike ʻia ka hoʻolālā kūloko o ka hale opera i ka moʻomeheu Maya a me ka luakini ʻo Aztec. Ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka hale ma Malaki 1959 a ua hoʻopau ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ʻOkakopa 20, 1973, a ʻo ka huina o 14 mau makahiki. ʻO ka Sydney Opera House he hale hōʻailona ma Australia a ʻo kekahi o nā hale kūʻokoʻa loa i ke kenekulia 20. I ka makahiki 2007, ua helu ʻia ʻo ia he World Cultural Heritage e UNESCO.
Hoʻohana ka Sydney Opera House i ka pā i hoʻohuli ʻia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana multi-layer e kākoʻo i ka hale, i hiki iā ia ke amo i ka ukana me ka ʻole e hōʻino i ka curvature o ka hoʻolālā kumu.
No.3 World Trade Center
ʻO ka World Trade Center (1973-Sepatemaba 11, 2001), aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema hema o Manhattan Island ma New York, e pili ana i ka muliwai Hudson ma ke komohana, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mākaʻikaʻi o New York. Aia ka World Trade Center i ʻelua mau hale kiaʻi hale kiaʻi, ʻehā hale keʻena 7-papa a me hoʻokahi hōkele 22-papa. Ua kūkulu ʻia mai 1962 a i 1976. ʻO ka mea nona ka Port Authority o New York a me New Jersey. ʻO ka World Trade Center ka mea i lilo i mau hale kiaʻi māhoe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ka pae ʻāina o New York City, a me kekahi o nā hale kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua. Ma ka lā 11 o Kepakemapa, 2001, i ka hanana ʻo Kepakemapa 11 i hoʻokūhoihoi i ka honua, ua hāʻule nā hale nui ʻelua o ka World Trade Center i ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli, a ua make nā kānaka 2753. ʻO kēia ka pōʻino loa o ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli i ka mōʻaukala.
Hoʻolālā ʻia nā hale kiaʻi māhoe o ka World Trade Center me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe lima kila hou, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka hale kākoʻo o waho me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kikowaena ma o ka ʻōpala papahele. Hāʻawi kēia hoʻolālā i ke kūpaʻa ʻokoʻa o ka hale. Ma waho aʻe o ka lawe ʻana i ke kaumaha o ka hale, ʻo nā kolamu kila waho e kū pono i ka ikaika makani e hana ana ma ke kino o ka hale kiaʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hale kākoʻo kūloko wale nō e pono ke amo i kāna ukana kū ponoʻī.
Helu 4 London Millennium Dome
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka Millennium Dome ma ke ʻano he hale deformed i ka wā ma mua, akā he hale ʻelele hoʻi ia ma Lākana. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Forbes, kahi makasina kālā kaulana, i kahi noiʻi manaʻo o ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā mea kākau, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Millennium Dome, i kūkulu ʻia ma Beretania ma ke kumu kūʻai o 750 miliona paona no ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka Millennium, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ka "mea ʻino loa ma ka honua. ". ʻO ka Millennium Dome kahi hale kikowaena ʻepekema hōʻikeʻike, aia ma ka Greenwich Peninsula ma ka muliwai Thames, e uhi ana i kahi ʻāpana o 300 mau ʻeka a he 80 miliona mau paona (1.25 biliona kālā). ʻO ia kekahi o nā hale hoʻomanaʻo i kūkulu ʻia e Pelekane no ka hoʻolauleʻa ʻana i ka Millennium ma ka huli ʻana o ke kenekulia 20 a me ke kenekulia 21.
No.5 Kuala Lumpur Twin Towers
ʻO Kuala Lumpur Twin Towers ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, akā ʻo ia nō nā hale kiaʻi māhoe kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua a ʻo ka lima o ka hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. Aia ia ma ke kihi komohana akau o Kuala Lumpur. ʻO nā hale kiaʻi māhoe ma Kuala Lumpur he 452 mika ke kiʻekiʻe a he 88 mau papa ma luna o ka honua. ʻO ka ʻili o ka hale i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka mea kākau ʻAmelika ʻo Cesar Pelli e hoʻohana i nā mea he nui e like me ke kila kila a me ke aniani. ʻO nā Twin Towers a me ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Kuala Lumpur e pili ana i nā ʻāina kaulana a me nā hōʻailona o Kuala Lumpur. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa paʻa (core tube) outrigger structure system i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā māhoe hale kiaʻi he ʻano hybrid i haku ʻia me ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, me ka hoʻohana kila o 7500 tons. Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano hoʻolālā circular auxiliary e pili ana i kēlā me kēia hale nui me ke kino nui, hiki ke hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa ʻaoʻao o ka hale nui.
Helu 6 Sears Tower, Kikako
ʻO Sears Building, i unuhi ʻia ʻo Welley Group Building, he skyscraper aia ma Chicago, Illinois, USA. ʻO ia ka hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ma Nowemapa 12, 2013, ua uhaʻi ʻia e ka World Trade Center Building 1. I ka pau ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Sears Tower. I ka makahiki 2009, ua ʻae ka hui ʻinikua ʻinikua ma Lākana, Wellay Group, e hoʻolimalima i kahi hapa nui o ka hale ma ke ʻano he hale keʻena, a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa inoa o ka hale ma ke ʻano o ka ʻaelike. Ma ka hola 10:00 ma Iulai 16, 2009, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka inoa kūhelu o ka hale i Wellay Group Building. ʻO Sears Tower, me 110 papahele, ʻo ia ka hale keʻena kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. Ma kahi o 16500 poʻe hele mai e hana ma ʻaneʻi i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma ka papahele 103, aia kahi kahua nānā no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e nānā aku i ke kūlanakauhale. He 412 mika ma luna o ka honua a hiki ke ʻike i nā mokuʻāina ʻehā o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka wā maʻemaʻe ka lewa.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka hale i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā pūpū i haku ʻia me nā papa kila. Manaʻo ʻia ka hale holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he cantilever beam-tube space structure. ʻOi aku ka mamao mai ka honua aku, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika shear. ʻO ka haʻalulu ma muli o ke kaomi makani ma luna o ka hale e hoʻemi nui ʻia. Hoʻonui nui kēia i ka rigidity a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika lateral o ka hale.
Helu 7 Tokyo TV Tower
Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka Tokyo TV Tower i Dekemaba 1958. Ua wehe ʻia i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi ma Iulai 1968. ʻO 333 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale kiaʻi a uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o 2118 square meters. Ma ka lā 27 o Kepakemapa, 1998, e kūkulu ʻia ka hale kiaʻi TV kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua ma Tokyo. ʻO ka hale kiaʻi kūʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe loa ma Iapana he 13 mika ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel ma Paris, Farani. ʻO nā mea kūkulu hale i hoʻohana ʻia he hapalua ia o ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel. ʻO ka manawa hana hale kiaʻi ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hapakolu o ka manawa hana o ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel, ka mea i pīhoihoi i ka honua i kēlā manawa. ʻO ia ka mea i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa, ka lōʻihi, ke kūpaʻa ahi maikaʻi, ka mālama ʻana i ke kila a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hale kila maʻemaʻe.
No.8 Kapalakiko Golden Gate Bridge
ʻO ke Alahaka Golden Gate kekahi o nā alahaka kaulana o ka honua, a he hana mana hoʻi ia o ka ʻenehana alahaka hou. Aia ka uwapo ma ka Golden Gate Strait, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1900 mau mika mai ke kiaʻāina o Kaleponi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻEhā makahiki a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100000 tons kila. Ua kūkulu ʻia ma ke kumukūʻai o US $35.5 miliona a ua hoʻolālā ʻia e Joseph Strauss, he ʻenekinia alahaka. Ma muli o kona waiwai mōʻaukala, ua hana pū ʻia ka palapala moʻolelo o ia inoa e Pelekane a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2007. ʻO Jinmen Bridge kekahi o nā alahaka kaulana kaulana o ka honua, a he hana mana hoʻi o ka ʻenekinia alahaka hou. Loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o ke alahaka kila ʻalani maʻamau.
Helu 9 Empire State Building, New York
He skyscraper kaulana ka Empire State Building ma 350 Fifth Avenue, West 33rd Street a me West 34th Street ma Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. Loaʻa ka inoa mai ka inoa kapakapa o New York State - Empire State, no laila ʻo kona inoa Pelekane ʻo ia ka New York State Building a i ʻole Empire State Building. Eia naʻe, ua ʻae ka unuhi ʻana o ka Empire State Building me ka honua honua a ua hoʻohana ʻia mai ia manawa. ʻO ka Empire State Building kekahi o nā mākaʻikaʻi kaulana loa a me nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi ma New York City a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ia ka hā o ka skyscraper kiʻekiʻe loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika, a ʻo ka 25th kiʻekiʻe loa o ka skyscraper ma ka honua. ʻO ia hoʻi ka skyscraper kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua no ka manawa lōʻihi loa (1931-1972). He 381 mika ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale a he 103 papa ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka antenna i hoʻohui ʻia i ka makahiki 1951 he 62 mika ke kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻonui ʻia kona kiʻekiʻe i 443 mika. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia e Shreeve, Lamb, a me Harmon Construction Company. He hale ʻano kiʻi hoʻonaninani. Ua hoʻomaka ka hale i ka makahiki 1930 a ua hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 1931. ʻO ke kaʻina hana he 410 mau lā wale nō, ʻo ia kahi moʻolelo wikiwiki o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka honua.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Empire State Building i kahi ʻano pahu-in-tube i hoʻoikaika ʻia, e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻoʻoleʻa ʻaoʻao o ka hale. No laila, ʻoiai ma lalo o ka makani makani o 130 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola, ʻo 25.65 knm wale nō ka neʻe ʻana o ka piko o ka hale.
Helu 10 Eiffel Tower
Aia ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Eiffel ma ka Ares Square ma Paris, Farani. He hale kaulana ia o ka honua, kekahi o nā hōʻailona o ka moʻomeheu Farani, kekahi o nā mākaʻikaʻi kūlanakauhale o Paris, a me ka hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma Paris. He 300 mika ke kiʻekiʻe, 24 mika ke kiʻekiʻe, a me 324 mika ke kiʻekiʻe. Ua kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1889, i kapa ʻia ma hope o Gustav Eiffel, ka mea hoʻolālā kaulana a me ka ʻenekini hoʻolālā nāna i hoʻolālā. ʻO ka hoʻolālā o ka hale kiaʻi he mea hou a kū hoʻokahi. He mea hana ʻenehana i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka honua, a he wahi hiʻona nui a me ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o Paris, Farani. ʻO ka hale kiaʻi he hale kila, hollow, hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ka hopena o ka makani. He hale paʻa ia, a liʻiliʻi ma luna a nui ma lalo, māmā ma luna a kaumaha ma lalo. Paʻa loa.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-14-2023
