Imiterere yibyuma byubaka bihuza imiterere nubwiza bwububiko bwa kera kandi bugezweho. Inyubako nini nini kwisi zikoresha tekinoroji yububiko muburyo bwinshi. Ni izihe nyubako zizwi cyane zubaka ibyuma? Ku munsi w'abakundana, nyamuneka dukurikire inzira zacu kugirango dushimire uburyo bw'urukundo rw'imyubakire icumi ya mbere ku isi.
No.1 Icyari cy'inyoni
Icyari cy'inyoni ni stade nkuru y'imikino Olempike ya 2008. Igishushanyo mbonera cya stade, cyujujwe na Herzog, De Mellon hamwe n’umwubatsi w’Abashinwa Li Xinggang wegukanye igihembo cya Pulitzer mu 2001, kimeze nk '"icyari" cyororoka ubuzima. Birasa nkurusenda, rugaragaza ibyiringiro byabantu ejo hazaza. Abashushanyaga ntacyo bakoze kirenze kuri stade y'igihugu, ariko bavugishije ukuri inyubako hanze, kuburyo bisanzwe muburyo bugaragara. Muri Nyakanga 2007, Times yo mu Bwongereza yigeze gusuzuma imishinga icumi minini kandi ikomeye yubatswe mu iyubakwa ku isi. Muri kiriya gihe, "Icyari cy'inyoni" cyashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere. Ikinyamakuru giheruka gusohoka mu kinyamakuru Time cyasohotse ku ya 24 Ukuboza uwo mwaka cyatoranije ibintu icumi bya mbere byubatswe ku isi mu 2007, kandi Icyari cy’inyoni cyari gikwiye kurutonde.
Imiterere yicyuma nziza nicyari cyinyoni. Ibigize imiterere bishyigikirana, bikora urusobe rumeze nkurwego. Kugaragara hejuru no kumanuka byorohereza kumva amajwi yinyubako, kandi bikayiha ishusho itangaje kandi itangaje. Inyubako nyamukuru ni ellipse yo mu kirere, kandi ni umushinga umwe wubaka ibyuma bifite umwanya munini ku isi muri iki gihe.
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No. 2 Ikinamico nini ya Sydney
Iherereye mu majyaruguru ya Sydney, Opera Inzu ya Sydney ni inyubako idasanzwe i Sydney, yateguwe n’umwubatsi wo muri Danemarike Jon Usson. Munsi y'urusenge rumeze nk'igikonoshwa ni urusobe rw'amazi ruhuza ikinamico na salle. Imyubakire yimbere yinzu ya opera yagereranijwe kumuco w'Abamaya n'urusengero rwa Aztec. Kubaka iyi nyubako byatangiye muri Werurwe 1959 birangira ku mugaragaro kandi bitangwa kugira ngo bikoreshwe ku ya 20 Ukwakira 1973, bitwara imyaka 14 yose. Inzu ya Opera ya Sydney ni inyubako idasanzwe muri Ositaraliya kandi ni imwe mu nyubako zidasanzwe mu kinyejana cya 20. Mu 2007, UNESCO yashyizwe ku rutonde nk'umurage ndangamuco w'isi.
Inzu ya Opera ya Sydney ikoresha urukuta rwa beto rwubakishijwe ibyuma byubatswe hamwe nuburyo bwahinduwe bwubatswe kugirango bunganire igisenge, kugirango gishobore kwikorera umutwaro utabangamiye ubugororangingo bwibishushanyo mbonera.
No.3 Ikigo cyubucuruzi cyisi
Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cy’isi (1973-Ku ya 11 Nzeri 2001), giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bw’ikirwa cya Manhattan i New York, gihana imbibi n’umugezi wa Hudson mu burengerazuba, kandi ni kimwe mu bimenyetso biranga New York. World Trade Centre igizwe nububiko bubiri bwububiko, inyubako enye zamagorofa 7 na hoteri imwe yamagorofa 22. Yubatswe kuva 1962 kugeza 1976. Nyirayo ni Port Authority ya New York na New Jersey. Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi ku isi cyahoze ari iminara miremire y’impanga ku isi, ikiranga Umujyi wa New York, ndetse n’imwe mu nyubako ndende ku isi. Ku ya 11 Nzeri 2001, mu byabaye ku ya 11 Nzeri byatunguye isi, inyubako ebyiri nkuru z’ikigo cy’ubucuruzi ku isi zasenyutse nyuma y’igitero cy’iterabwoba, hapfa abantu 2753. Iyi yari impanuka yibasiye iterabwoba cyane mumateka.
Iminara yimpanga yikigo cyubucuruzi cyisi cyashizweho hamwe nuburyo bushya bwo gukora ibyuma byerekana ibyuma byubaka, bihuza imiterere yinyuma yinyuma hamwe nuburyo bwibanze hagati binyuze muri horizontal hasi. Igishushanyo giha inyubako ituze ridasanzwe. Usibye kwikorera uburemere bwinyubako, inkingi zicyuma zo hanze nazo zigomba kwihanganira imbaraga zumuyaga zikora kumubiri. Nukuvuga, imiterere yimbere yimbere ikeneye gusa kwihanganira umutwaro wacyo.
No 4 Londres Ikinyagihumbi
Dome ya Millennium yasobanuwe nk'inyubako yahinduwe kera, ariko kandi ni inyubako ihagarariye London. Ikinyamakuru cy’imari kizwi cyane cya Forbes, cyakoze ubushakashatsi ku bitekerezo rusange ku bubatsi, maze basanga Dome ya Millennium yubatswe mu Bwongereza ku giciro cya miliyoni 750 z'amapound yo kwizihiza Ikinyagihumbi, yatoranijwe nk’ikintu cya mbere "kibi ku isi ". Dome ya Millennium ni inyubako y’ubumenyi bw’imurikagurisha, iherereye mu gace ka Greenwich ku nkombe y’umugezi wa Thames, ifite ubuso bwa hegitari 300 kandi igatwara miliyoni 80 zama pound (miliyari 1.25 $). Nimwe mu nyubako z'urwibutso zubatswe n'Ubwongereza kwizihiza Ikinyagihumbi mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 n'ikinyejana cya 21.
No.5 Kuala Lumpur Twin Towers
Kuala Lumpur Twin Towers yahoze ari igorofa ndende ku isi, ariko iracyari iminara miremire ku isi kandi inyubako ya gatanu ndende ku isi. Iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Kuala Lumpur. Iminara yimpanga i Kuala Lumpur ifite uburebure bwa metero 452 kandi ifite amagorofa 88 yose hejuru yubutaka. Ubuso bwinyubako yateguwe nubwubatsi bwabanyamerika Cesar Pelli bukoresha ibikoresho byinshi nkibyuma bitagira umwanda nikirahure. Twin Towers hamwe nu Munara wa Kuala Lumpur byegeranye ni ahantu nyaburanga hazwi kandi ni ibimenyetso bya Kuala Lumpur. Sisitemu ya beto ishimangiwe (core tube) sisitemu yububiko bwa sisitemu yemejwe niminara yimpanga ni imiterere ya Hybrid igizwe ahanini nibyuma byubakishijwe ibyuma, hamwe nicyuma cya toni 7500. Imiterere y'uruziga rw'uruziga iruhande rwa buri nyubako nyamukuru ihujwe n'umubiri nyamukuru, ushobora kongera imbaraga zo kuruhande rwimiterere nyamukuru.
No. 6 Sears umunara, Chicago
Inyubako ya Sears, nayo isobanurwa nka Welley Group Building, ni igorofa iherereye i Chicago, Illinois, muri Amerika. Ninyubako ndende muri Amerika ya ruguru. Ku ya 12 Ugushyingo 2013, yashenywe n’inyubako y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi ku isi 1.Yuzura, yiswe umunara wa Sears. Mu mwaka wa 2009, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubwishingizi ikorera mu mujyi wa Londres, Wellay Group, yemeye gukodesha igice kinini cy’inyubako nk'inyubako y'ibiro, maze ibona uburenganzira bwo kwita izina inyubako mu masezerano. Ku isaha ya saa kumi z'umugoroba ku ya 16 Nyakanga 2009, izina ryemewe ry'inyubako ryahinduwe ku mugaragaro inyubako ya Wellay Group. Sears Tower, ifite amagorofa 110, yahoze ari inyubako y'ibiro byo hejuru ku isi. Abantu bagera ku 16500 baza gukora hano buri munsi. Muri etage ya 103, hari urubuga rwo kureba ba mukerarugendo birengagiza umujyi. Ifite metero 412 hejuru yubutaka kandi irashobora kubona leta enye za Amerika mugihe ikirere kimeze neza.
Inyubako ifata sisitemu yububiko bwa bundle igizwe nibyuma. Inyubako yose ifatwa nkimiterere ya cantilever beam-tube. Iyo kure yubutaka, imbaraga zo gukata ni nto. Kunyeganyega guterwa n'umuyaga umuyaga hejuru yinyubako nabyo biragabanuka cyane. Ibi byongera cyane gukomera nimbaraga zinyuranye zinyubako.
No 7 Tower Tower
Umunara wa TV wa Tokiyo wuzuye mu Kuboza 1958. Yakinguriwe ba mukerarugendo muri Nyakanga 1968. Uyu munara ufite uburebure bwa metero 333 kandi ufite ubuso bwa metero kare 2118. Ku ya 27 Nzeri 1998, i Tokiyo hazubakwa umunara muremure wa TV ku isi. Umunara muremure wigenga mu Buyapani ufite metero 13 kurenza umunara wa Eiffel i Paris, mubufaransa. Ibikoresho byo kubaka byakoreshejwe ni kimwe cya kabiri cy umunara wa Eiffel. Igihe cyo kubaka umunara kiri munsi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyigihe cyo kubaka umunara wa Eiffel, watunguye isi muri kiriya gihe. Nuburyo bwa beto bushimangiwe nibyiza byo gukomera, kuramba, kurwanya umuriro neza, kuzigama ibyuma nigiciro gito ugereranije nuburyo bwiza bwibyuma.
No.8 Ikiraro cya Zahabu ya San Francisco
Ikiraro cya Golden Gate ni kimwe mu biraro bizwi ku isi, kandi ni igitangaza cyo kubaka ikiraro kigezweho. Ikiraro gihagaze ku Irembo rya Zahabu, riri kuri metero zirenga 1900 uvuye kuri guverineri wa California muri Amerika. Byatwaye imyaka ine na toni zirenga 100000 z'ibyuma. Yubatswe ku giciro cya miliyoni 35.5 zamadorali y’Amerika kandi yateguwe na Joseph Strauss, injeniyeri w’ikiraro. Bitewe n’agaciro k’amateka, documentaire yizina rimwe yakozwe n’Ubwongereza na Amerika mu 2007. Ikiraro cya Jinmen ni kimwe mu biraro bizwi cyane ku isi byubaka ibyuma, kandi ni igitangaza cy’ubuhanga bugezweho. Ifite izina ryo kuba icyuma cya orange cyubatswe nicyuma.
No 9 Inyubako ya Leta y'Ubwami, New York
Inyubako ya Leta y'Ubwami ni igicucu kizwi cyane giherereye kuri 350 Umuhanda wa gatanu, Umuhanda wa 33 na West 34th Street i Manhattan, Umujyi wa New York, New York, Amerika. Izina rikomoka ku mazina ya Leta ya New York - Leta ya Empire, bityo izina ryayo ry'icyongereza risobanura mbere inyubako ya Leta ya New York cyangwa Inyubako ya Leta. Ariko, ubusobanuro bwubwami bwa Leta bwubatswe byemeranijwe nisi yisi kandi burakoreshwa kuva. Inyubako ya Leta y'Ubwami ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bizwi cyane kandi bikurura ba mukerarugendo mu mujyi wa New York no muri Amerika. Nuburebure bwa kane burebure burebure muri Amerika no muri Amerika, hamwe nuburebure bwa 25 burebure ku isi. Nibindi burebure burebure ku isi igihe kirekire (1931-1972). Inyubako ifite uburebure bwa metero 381 na etage 103. Antenne yongeyeho mu 1951 ifite uburebure bwa metero 62, n'uburebure bwayo bwose bwiyongera kugera kuri metero 443. Yakozwe na Shreeve, Ntama, na Harmon Construction Company. Ninyubako yubuhanzi ishushanya. Iyi nyubako yatangiye mu 1930 irangira mu 1931. Igikorwa cyo kubaka ni iminsi 410 gusa, kikaba ari amateka yihuta yo kubaka ku isi.
Inyubako ya Leta y'Ubwami ifata ibyuma bikozwe neza bya beto-in-tube, byongera ubukana bw'inyubako. Kubwibyo, no munsi yumuvuduko wa kilometero 130 kumasaha, kwimura hejuru yinyubako ni cm 25,65 gusa.
No.10 Umunara wa Eiffel
Umunara wa Eiffel uhagaze muri Ares Square i Paris, mu Bufaransa. Ninyubako izwi kwisi yose, kimwe mubimenyetso biranga umuco wubufaransa, kimwe mubiranga umujyi wa Paris, ndetse ninyubako ndende i Paris. Ifite uburebure bwa metero 300, uburebure bwa metero 24, n'uburebure bwa metero 324. Yubatswe mu 1889, yitiriwe Gustav Eiffel, umwubatsi w'icyamamare mu by'ubwubatsi n’ubwubatsi wabishushanyije. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umunara ni udushya kandi wihariye. Ni igihangano cya tekiniki mu mateka yubwubatsi ku isi, hamwe n’ahantu nyaburanga n’ikimenyetso gikomeye cya Paris, Ubufaransa. Umunara ni ibyuma, byubatswe, bishobora kugabanya ingaruka zumuyaga. Ni ikadiri yimiterere ifite ituze, kandi ni nto hejuru hejuru nini nini hepfo, urumuri hejuru kandi ruremereye hepfo. Irahagaze neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-14-2023
